Somalia, clan and conflict

Somalia lies in the Horn of africa. It boundries with Kenya in south-west,Ethiopia in the north-west, Djouti and Yemen in the north. Its cliamte varies from 45 to 25 degrees Celcius allaround the year.

Population: 9 million (UN, 2008)
Capital: Mogadishu
Area: 637,657sq km (246,201 sq miles)
Major languages: Somali, Arabic, Italian, English
Major religion: Islam
Life expectancy: 47 years (men), 49 years (women)
Monetary unit: 1 Somali shilling = 100 cents
Main exports: Livestock, bananas, hides, fish
GNI per capita: n/a
Internet domain: .so
International dialling code: +252

Timeline: Somalia
A chronology of key events:

600s - Arab tribes establish the sultanate of Adel on the Gulf of Aden coast.
Somali capital, Mogadishu, in more peaceful times
Emerged as Arab settlement in 10th century
Bought by Italy in 1905
Capital of independent Somalia from 1960
Estimated population: 1 million

1500s - Sultanate of Adel disintegrates into small states.

1875 - Egypt occupies towns on Somali coast and parts of the interior.

1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become Djibouti.

1887 - Britain proclaims protectorate over Somaliland.

1888 - Anglo-French agreement defines boundary between Somali possessions of the two countries.

1889 - Italy sets up a protectorate in central Somalia, later consolidated with territory in the south ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar.

1925 - Territory east of the Jubba river detached from Kenya to become the westernmost part of the Italian protectorate.

1936 - Italian Somaliland combined with Somali-speaking parts of Ethiopia to form a province of Italian East Africa.

1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland.

1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia.

Independence

1950 - Italian Somaliland becomes a UN trust territory under Italian control.
Parliament in ruins: War devastated much of Mogadishu


2004: Life amid Mogadishu's ruins
Taxi driver: Mogadishu

1956 - Italian Somaliland renamed Somalia and granted internal autonomy.

1960 - British and Italian parts of Somalia become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia; Aden Abdullah Osman Daar elected president.

1963 - Border dispute with Kenya; diplomatic relations with Britain broken until 1968.

1964 - Border dispute with Ethiopia erupts into hostilities.

1967 - Abdi Rashid Ali Shermarke beats Aden Abdullah Osman Daar in elections for president.

Drought and war

1969 - Muhammad Siad Barre assumes power in coup after Shermarke is assassinated.
Muhammad Siad Barre backed 'Scientific Socialism'
Born in 1919
Led military coup in 1969; overthrown in 1991
Died in Nigeria, 1995

1970 - Barre declares Somalia a socialist state and nationalises most of the economy.

1974 - Somalia joins the Arab League.

1974-75 - Severe drought causes widespread starvation.

1977 - Somalia invades the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region of Ethiopia.

1978 - Somali forces pushed out of Ogaden with the help of Soviet advisers and Cuban troops. Barre expels Soviet advisers and gains support of United States.

1981 - Opposition to Barre's regime begins to emerge after he excludes members of the Mijertyn and Isaq clans from government positions, which are filled with people from his own Marehan clan.

1988 - Peace accord with Ethiopia.

Disintegration

1991 - Mohamed Siad Barre is ousted. Power struggle between clan warlords Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed kills or wounds thousands of civilians.

1991 - Former British protectorate of Somaliland declares unilateral independence.
UN force sent to quell violence suffered losses, left in 1994


On This Day 1992: American marines land in Somalia
On This Day 1993: US forces killed in Somali gun battle

1992 - US Marines land near Mogadishu ahead of a UN peacekeeping force sent to restore order and safeguard relief supplies.

1993 - US Army Rangers are killed when Somali militias shoot down two US helicopters in Mogadishu and a battle ensues. Hundreds of Somalis die in the battle depicted in the film "Black Hawk Down". US mission formally ends in March 1994.

1995 - UN peacekeepers leave, having failed to achieve their mission.

1996 - Warlord Muhammad Aideed dies of his wounds and is succeeded by his son, Hussein.

1998 - Puntland region declares autonomy.

2000 August - Clan leaders and senior figures meeting in Djibouti elect Abdulkassim Salat Hassan president of Somalia.


Fighting in 2002 led Somali civilians to seek safety in Kenya
2000 October - Hassan and his newly-appointed prime minister, Ali Khalif Gelayadh, arrive in Mogadishu to heroes' welcomes. Gelayadh announces his government, the first in the country since 1991.

2001 April - Somali warlords, backed by Ethiopia, announce their intention to form a national government within six months, in direct opposition to the country's transitional administration.

2001 August - UN appeals for food aid for half a million people in the drought-hit south.

2004 August - In 14th attempt since 1991 to restore central government, a new transitional parliament inaugurated at ceremony in Kenya. In October the body elects Abdullahi Yusuf as president.
2004 peace deal: Factions agreed to set up new parliament


Q&A: Somali peace deal

2004 December - Tsunami waves generated by an undersea earthquake off Indonesia hit the Somali coast and the island of Hafun. Hundreds of deaths are reported; tens of thousands of people are displaced.

2005 February - June - Somali government begins returning home from exile in Kenya, but there are bitter divisons over where in Somalia the new parliament should sit.

2005 November - Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi survives an assassination attempt in Mogadishu. Gunmen attack his convoy, killing six people.

Islamist advance

2006 February - Transitional parliament meets in Somalia - in the central town of Baidoa - for the first time since it was formed in Kenya in 2004.
Sheikh Aweys: His Islamic militia controlled Mogadishu


Profile: Somalia's Islamist leader
Profile: Somalia's Islamic Courts

2006 March and May - Scores of people are killed and hundreds are injured during fierce fighting between rival militias in Mogadishu. It is the worst violence in almost a decade.

2006 June-July - Militias loyal to the Union of Islamic Courts take control of Mogadishu and other parts of the south after defeating clan warlords.

Ethiopian troops reported in Somalia.

2006 July-August - Mogadishu's air and seaports are re-opened for the first time since 1995.

2006 September - Transitional government and the Union of Islamic Courts begin peace talks in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum.

Somalia's first known suicide bombing targets President Yusuf outside parliament in Baidoa.

2006 October - About 35,000 Somalis escaping drought, strict Islamist rule and the possibility of war have fled to Kenya refugee since the start of 2006, the UN reports.

War of words between Ethiopia and Somalia's Islamists. Premier Meles says Ethiopia is "technically" at war with the Islamists because they had declared jihad on his country.

Islamists retreat

2006 December - UN Security Council resolution endorses African peacekeepers, specifies that neighbouring states should not deploy troops. Islamist leaders react by saying they will tackle foreign forces as invaders. ETHIOPIA INTERVENES

Ethiopian troops, government forces routed Islamist militias


Somalia: Who supports who?
Timeline: Ethiopia and Somalia

Ethiopian and transitional government engage the Islamists in battle and soon put them to flight.

2006 December 27 - African Union, Arab League urge Ethiopia to pull out its troops. UN Security Council fails to agree on a statement calling on foreign forces to withdraw.

2006 December 28 - Joint Ethiopian and Somali government force captures Mogadishu.

2007 January - Islamists abandon their last stronghold, the port town of Kismayo.

President Abdullahi Yusuf enters Mogadishu for the first time since taking office in 2004.

US carries out air strikes in southern Somalia which it says targetted al-Qaeda figures, and which reportedly kill an unknown number of civilians. It is the first known direct US military intervention in Somalia since 1993. The strikes are defended by President Yusuf. They are condemned for killing innocent civilians.

Interim government imposes three-month state of emergency.

2007 February - UN Security Council authorises a six-month African Union peacekeeping mission for Somalia.

2007 March - African Union peacekeepers land at Mogadishu amid pitched battles between insurgents and government forces backed by Ethiopian troops. The Red Cross says it is the worst fighting in 15 years.

Humanitarian crisis grows

2007 April - UN says more than 320,000 Somalis have fled fighting in Mogadishu since February.

Hundreds of people are reported killed after several days of fierce clashes in the capital.

2007 May - The World Food Programme says a resurgence of piracy is threatening food supplies.

2007 June - A US warship shells suspected Al-Qaeda targets in Puntland.

Prime Minister Ghedi escapes a suicide car bomb attack on his compound.

Ethiopian Premier Meles Zenawi visits Mogadishu, pledging to withdraw his troops once peace takes hold.

2007 July - National reconciliation conference opens in Mogadishu and comes under mortar attack. Islamist leaders stay away from the talks.

Refugee exodus grows amid an upsurge in violence.

2007 August - Human Rights Watch accuses Ethiopian, Somali and insurgent forces of war crimes, and the UN Security Council of indifference during the recent conflict.

New opposition alliance

2007 September - Opposition groups form a new alliance to campaign for a military and diplomatic solution to the Somali conflict. They meet in Asmara, Eritrea.

2007 October - Ethiopian forces fire on demonstrators in Mogadishu protesting at the presence of what they call foreign invaders.

Heaviest fighting in Mogadishu reported since April. Ethiopians move reinforcements into the city. CRACKDOWN ON PIRACY

French commandos snatch pirates in Somalia as foreign navies begin their fight-back


Somalia piracy 'costs up to $30m'
Somalia pirates face sea battles

Prime Minister Ghedi resigns.

Aid agencies warn a catastrophe is unfolding in Somalia.

2007 November - Government shuts down Radio Shabelle, Radio Simba and Radio Banadir.

UN special envoy Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah describes Somalia's humanitarian crisis the worst in Africa, suggests using international justice to curb the violence.

Nur Hassan Hussein, also known as Nur Adde, sworn in as new prime minister.

Number of Somali refugees hits one million, with nearly 200,000 fleeing the capital in the past two weeks, the UN reports.

2007 December - Ethiopian troops leave key central town of Guriel.

2008 January - Burundi becomes the second nation to contribute troops to the African Union peacekeeping force, sending 440 soldiers to Mogadishu.

US strikes

2008 March - US launches missile strike on southern town of Dhoble targetting suspected al-Qaeda member wanted for 2002 bombing of Israeli-owned hotel in Kenya.

Islamist-led insurgency continues to spread.

2008 April - EU calls for international efforts to tackle piracy off the Somali coast after a series of hijackings and attacks on vessels.

2008 April - US air strike kills Aden Hashi Ayro, a leader of the Al-Shabaab insurgent group.

2008 May - Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi says he will keep troops inside Somalia until "jihadists" are defeated.

The UN Security Council unanimously votes to allow countries to send warships into Somalia's territorial waters to tackle pirates.

2008 June - Government signs three-month ceasefire pact with opposition Alliance for Re-Liberation of Somalia.

The deal, which provides for Ethiopian troops to leave Somalia within 120 days, is rejected by Islamist leader Hassan Dahir Aweys, who says Union of Islamic Courts will not stop fighting until all foreign troops have left country.

2008 July - Head of the UN Development Programme in Somalia, Osman Ali Ahmed, killed by gunmen in Mogadishu.

Piracy concern

2008 September - Somali pirates' hijacking of a Ukrainian ship carrying 33 tanks prompts widespread international concern. The US and other countries deploy navy ships to Somali waters.

2008 October - Nato agrees to despatch a naval force to patrol to waters off Somalia by the end of 2008, in an effort to control piracy.

A wave of coordinated bombings across the self-governing and relatively peaceful regions of Somaliland and Puntland, in Somalia's north, kill at least 27 people.

2008 November - Somali pirates hijack an oil-laden Saudi super-tanker and demand a 25m dollar ransom for its return.

Government crisis

2008 December - Ethiopia announces plans to withdraw all forces by end of 2008.

President Abdullahi Yusuf tries to sack Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein over his attempts to draw moderate Islamists into the government. Parliament declares the dismissal unconstitutional and passes a vote of confidence in Mr Nur. Mr Yusuf resigns.

2009 January - Ethiopia completes the withdrawal of its troops. Fighters from the radical Islamist al-Shabab militia take control of the town of Baidoa, formerly a key stronghold of the transitional government.

Meeting in neighbouring Djibouti, Somalia's parliament swears in 149 new members from the main opposition Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia. It elects a moderate Islamist, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, president, and extends the transitional government's mandate for another two years.

2009 February - President Ahmed selects Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke as prime minister. Mr Sharmarke, a former diplomat, is widely seen as a bridge between Islamists within the Somali government and the international community.

Sources:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072611.stm

Dhallaan Dhumay iyo Waayeel walaacsan

Dhibaatada aan ka dhaxal nahay Qaran - jabkeenii Soomaaliyeed maaha wax qoraal lagu soo koobi karo. Quusta aan ka taagannahay aayaha ummad itaal leh waxaa laga dareemaa qaabka aan u dhaqano iyo hal-qabsiydeena.Ma nahin qoon gartooda qaata, qalad iyo saxba qumanaheenaa qoorta noo suran! Qiilkeenu waxuu noqday ” Qurbahaan waan ku baaba’nayee maxan yeelaa? Waa inaan wax ka tabcanaa inta yar ee joogno, iyo afka aan gegida dayuuradaha ila dhafeeyn maxaan ugu xiiqayaa barashadiisa? Wax-barasho dalkeenii beey tiillay, iwm. Weli si fiican iskuma aanan xisaabin, amase dib uma jaleecin tag-tada dhow iyo waxii la soomaray, welina raadkoodu qoyan ayahay.

Qul-qulatooyin aan dhammaad lahayn iyo faragelinta shisheeye u kala dheereeyn-teena ayaa tilmaan buuxda kaasiin karta heer ummaddeed ee aan gaarnay.Firxadka dhallintii Soomaaliyeed ay ugu jiraan u dhoofka dhulal shisheeye, hayaanka aan dhammaadka lahayn ee duur-joogtii ku dhiiratay, abaaraha dabadheeraaday waxay cashar u yihiin waxgarada Soomaaliyeed. Malaha Qaranniamda Soomaaliya annaga uun baa duulaan ku ahe, cidi heelo iyo dan kama laha markaan is-iraah, waxaan arkaa ififaalo kale oo taas lid ku ah!!

Intii gooro hore ka baxsatay hallaaga ka dhacaya dalkeena, badankood uma aayin. Dhaqan qalafsan iyo dhallaan aan aqoon dhaqankii Soomaaliyeed, waxay noqotay mirihii laga goostay hayaankii dhibka iyo dhulka dheer lala soo maray. Dhallaankii lagu dhalay Qurbaha walaac waayel mooyee ilbaxnimo loo aayo sooma kordhin.

Jeelalka, goobaha dhaqancelinta waxaa ceegaaga ubad aan aayo quman lahay iyo qoysas kala irdhoobay, iftiin ay ku hirtaanna gadaashooda ka muuqan. Waxay ka dalaceen habaar qabeyaal qori u dhiibi lahaa, waxayse ku hoobteen haadaan qote dheer oo u baahan feeg-jignaan fog iyo xeeladeysi xikmad ku dhisan. Dhallaankii Soomaaliyeed ee lagala soo cararay colaadaha iyo aafada dhulkoodii hooyo, inyar mooye, waxay magan u noqdeen ilbaxnimo arax-daran iyo waalid aqoon gaaban. Dhumiyeen toobiyihii aayaha wanaagsan, midab- quursi iyo takoor dhaqan mooye, ma jiraan miro la beertay oo la shinsado. Waa “ceel-na uma qodna cidina uma maqna-dii” la sheegi jiray!

Eeda yaa leh? ma dhallaanka mise waayeelka? ma bulshooyinkan martida aan la casumin loo yahay mise waqtiga?

Ma siyaasada qabiil ee is-diidan, mise Qiyaanooyinka qorsheysan ee hadba lagu tijaabiyo qayr-beeleyaal aan aqoon qiimaha Qaran? Mise Soomaalida ayaan sida ummaddaha kale u gudbin Qaabka nation state-ka ku dhisan oo Qabiil ayaan moodnaa inuu Qaran yahayba?

Nomad culture

Somalis are proud of stemming from a nation of nomadic heredity. Nomadic culture can be described as a culture based on struggle of life, competition on fodder and grazing land. It is also a demanding lifestyle which wars and fiefdoms are daily acquaintances. Because of Somalia's geographical situation and climates of that part of world one has to adopt this culture. Apart from the uncompromising nomadic culture, there are more harmonies and hospitalities than the dreadful wars that one associates with this type of culture. A nomad can slaughter his only goat or sheep to a stranger, simply he's happen to a guest of him.